Meditation in the Buddhist Traditions-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: What are the Nature of Meditation in the Buddhist conventions and why it is Important? Answer: Subject Definition 2500 years back in India Buddhism started and work date in the East it is the most predominant religion. Around the world, Buddhism has more than 360 million devotees. In USA exclusively one can discover more than one million Buddhist supporters. The idea of Buddhism has affected even the western societies of the world through its lessons in unmistakable regions, for example, in reflection rehearses. Buddhism advances the conviction of peacefulness. In 500 BCE in India there was an Indian cost and his name was Gautama. The youthful cost was in inward strife to see the sufferings of the life beyond the royal residence he lived in. He went out to look for answer to numerous inquiries he had about existence. He prevailing with regards to finding the appropriate responses and lectured his lessons f or an incredible remainder (Gethin, 2015). Buddhist Schools There are numerous types of Buddhism. A few adherents have faith in divinity adores while others accept on ceremonies. There are numerous ways of thinking yet the primary lessons of all the various ways of thinking stays to be the equivalent and that is finishing lifes sufferings and completion the resurrection pattern of life. After Gautama Buddha kicked the bucket eighteen unique schools of Buddhism developed. Every one of them were various portrayals of Buddhist lessons. Gradually with time all these various schools were converged into two elementary schools-Theravada and Mahayana (K and Thera, 2005). Theravada school according to this school of Buddhist training the possibilities inside an individual to achieve Buddha hood can be released distinctly through exertion and difficult work. Mahayana school The Mahayana Buddhism considered each individual have the potential inside themselves to achieve Buddha hood. Henceforth they should look for towards salvation utilizing Superior creatures known as Bodhisattvas. Contemplation care Individuals are frequently having the misinterpretation that a profound life is one which exists some place in the sky. Our day by day life is simply commonplace appearances of our own selves. Numerous individuals likewise believe that to be otherworldly one needs to leave their typical Earthly life and be separated from everyone else some place away from loved ones. There can't be much else wrong than this idea. To be otherworldly mean to be thoughtful and to be an unassuming individual, to be caring to ones own self and to others also. The inquiry is how might one develop benevolence in their heart? Trying to say oneself to be kinder doesn't generally turn out to be appropriately. For building up this sort of a point of view reflection is suggested. This is otherwise called profound thought in Buddhism. The lessons ask individuals that when they wake up they should begin a profound thought propensity. Such a reflection practice must be done before leaving the bed when one has recen tly woke up and the brain is vacant of any common contemplations (Chodron, 2013). Writing Review Contemplation Contemplation is a strategy of the brain and the body which is utilized by a person for isolating themselves from their sentiments and considerations and purging themselves to expand mindfulness. Contemplation not really has a strict component related with it. It is a human action which on occasion is utilized as a treatment for guaranteeing great wellbeing and improving the human insusceptible framework. An individual who effectively ruminates won't think or judge everything which runs over. They will simply be in harmony and mindfulness and will have confidence in embracing the here and now. Reflection is a necessary piece of Buddhism. Be that as it may, one who is thinking in Buddhism isn't attempting to contact the Divine. In Buddhism a human has duality inside them as they have a psyche and a body. Joining these two components for increasing endless genuine feelings of serenity is contemplation (Anonymous, 2009). Hypotheses of Meditation Techniques Researched All the various types of reflection require the person to sit straight up erect. In such a stance the best outcomes are dearest to be accomplished. Various speculations of reflection helps individuals in restoring changed sort of issues. The point of every one of these hypotheses are anyway the equivalent. The accomplishment of harmony and inner bliss is the fundamental point of all contemplation styles. Zazen or Zen Meditation The term Zazen implies a type of situated zen or reflection in the sitting structure. This type of contemplation practice starts again from the Chinese type of Zen Buddhism. Indian priest named Bodhidharma from sixth century CE can be the followed to be the wellspring of this type of Buddhism. By and large, in this type of contemplation the individual sits over a tangle or a pad on the floor by intersection the legs. Additionally it was expectedly called as the lotus or the half lotus act. Today individuals likewise practice this on seat. The most huge component of this stance is sitting straight so the back is completely straight (Shaw, 2016). Eyes are kept brought down and mouth shut and one ganders at the ground a few feet separation on the floor. Vipassana-This type of reflection originates from Pali and the word Vipassana implies clear vision. This is another regular Buddhist work on originating from the Theravada school of Buddhist conventions. Vipassana contemplation includes two phases. The principal stage is the place an individual ruminates and attempts to balance out the brain on one point. This makes significant enhancement for the focus level of the person. In the second stage the contemplating individual obviously observes with shut eyes each sense in each piece of the body. It seems as though the brain is centering starting with one cell of the body then onto the next without laying on a specific point (Chen, 2014). Care Meditation This is a blend of the regular reflection practices of Buddhism and different styles, for example, Vietnamese Buddhism Zen contemplation rehearses. Care while taking in and out during reflection is the essential center territory of this sort of contemplation practice. This reflection is additionally a piece of the Vipassana style of contemplation in Buddhist customs. The essential center territory is right now and not being critical to contemplations, sentiments and faculties structures significant components of care reflection (Neale, 2006). Metta or the Loving Kindness Meditation Metta implies love, consideration, quietude, altruism and generosity in Pali language. The Tibetan and the Theravada school of Buddhist customs began this type of contemplation style. Here the principle center is to build the signal of relating to other people, constructive passionate turn of events, improvement of sympathy including constructive and adoring way to deal with ones own self also (Liveware, 2015). Advantages of Meditation There are unlimited advantages to intervention rehearses. With the end goal of improved understanding the not insignificant rundown is bifurcated into physiological advantages, mental advantages and profound advantages (Horowitz, 2016). There has been a great deal of research about the different points of interest reflection causes to the human brain and body. In spite of the fact that this is an extremely old type of training today it is quick turning into a logical procedure which demonstrates that with care while thinking individuals can make huge effect even on their minds only the way that can on their bodies (Corliss, 2014). Expanded degrees of fixation Meditation can viably improve the degree of mindfulness, focus or center in people. Among all the procedures utilized for improving fixation contemplation is the best one. Reflection affects improving the vitality level of the body. While reflecting the body and brain gets associated with the vitality power source which thus enables the individual to do a great deal of performing multiple tasks with a similar core interest. Utilizing blessed dots while ruminating is one incredible method which aides killing all blockages which happens in the vitality level of human starts. Fixation levels are upgraded with concentrated contemplation as well as it is continued, improved, engaged and very much coordinated. A characteristic pressure buster Complexities of present day life has made everybody pushed. Such pressure is in reality expanding at a quick rate. It can prompt numerous medical issues and influence individuals genuinely. Stress can cause mental and physical disease both. Reflection has been seen to have a lot of mental impact. It affects the pressure, melancholies, nervousness, anxiety and agony of the human body. With customary contemplation practice one can turn out to be sincerely balanced out. Negative contemplations can be kept far as reflection causes the human cerebrum to concentrate on positives as it were. To diminish worry there can't be any preferred arrangement over contemplation Helps get out from under away from unfortunate propensities Fastness of the cutting edge life causes individuals to create numerous undesirable propensities consistently. Eating low quality nourishment is one such model. Individuals know its wellbeing impacts yet at the same time don't have the conviction to change their undesirable propensities. By rehearsing reflection one can stop such undesirable propensities without any problem. This is on the grounds that with ordinary contemplation practice it is accepted that one will have the option to disconnect oneself from the passionate connections related with the act of any unfortunate propensity. This feeling of opportunity is superb and will assist one with being resolved to split away from each sort of undesirable propensity one has sustained since years. Helps improving dynamic and basic reasoning The intensity of the human cerebrum can be upgraded with reflection. Various research contemplates grandstand that individuals who are occupied with rehearsing careful reflection regularly will in general be having better recollections. They appear to be thinking far superior to other people. The intellectual working of the human mind is made progressively proficient through reflection. Contemplation centers around better breathing procedures which empowers more measure of unadulterated oxygen to go inside the human framework. Thus the mind performs much better. In this way, while baffling circumstances come cross the mind keeps quiet and takes the best reasonable choices. Contemplation improves association with the self-One can a

Reflection of Team Work Free Essays

The group venture resolved to be a superb case of collaboration. Collaboration is basic in a profession, and by doing group ventures while still in school will keep on helping me plan for my future. The John Deere Dealership Program that I helped chip away at end up being a triumph. We will compose a custom article test on Impression of Team Work or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Not exclusively did the group figure out how to function as a group; the group is leaving something at this college that will help understudies later on. I feel that if this program is executed, numerous understudies can profit by this temporary job understanding. I simply wish that this program had been executed four years back so my associates or I may have gotten an opportunity to take an interest in this program. The task itself ended up being an incredible learning experience for each colleague, myself. A student’s school and work routine is sufficiently intense to turn out to be, however when there are four distinct timetables to work around one must team up with the other three to work out gathering times. The group I took an interest with worked out gathering times as well as could be expected. I accept this is an encounter that every part ought to recollect later on, particularly when we need to frame gatherings with associates in our profession. While chipping away at this group venture strife emerged, and we needed to conquer these contentions. Clashes are a major piece of any group as a result of the measure of individuals filling in as a group. Clashes will undoubtedly emerge, and every individual must understand that their thought isn't in every case right. I accept that knowing early that contentions will emerge that group should run a ton smoother. Correspondence is likewise a key to a fruitful group. On the off chance that an individual is hesitant to speak with the remainder of the group, his of her thoughts won't be communicated in a finished task. I feel that in little groups like we had, it enables a regressive individual to get required because of the modest quantity of individuals in the gathering. I accept that each person’s conclusion is significant in running a group, and I will attempt to get each person’s contribution before an official choice is made. The introductions that each group gave before the class end up being a decent encounter for each individual from each gathering. A few people are more agreeable than others out in the open talking, however through the introductions, a retrogressive speaker gets involvement with talking before individuals. I accept that experience is the best way to get open to talking before eople. Generally speaking, I have altogether delighted in this task. Each progression of culmination starting from the earliest stage was an extraordinary encounter. I appreciate seeing our completed item, and appreciate individuals loving what our completed item resembles. I think all the difficult work and clashes take care of when I see a finished task. It has been an extraordinary group building experience for me, and I feel that the cu lmination of this group task will help me in future group arranged activities. Step by step instructions to refer to Reflection of Team Work, Papers

“My Left Foot” by Christy Brown Essay

â€Å"When I hear someone murmur, ‘Life is hard,’ I am constantly enticed to ask, ‘Compared to what?'† - Sydney Harris One of the subjects in My Left Foot is Christy Brown’s battles with Cerebral Palsy. Cerebral Palsy is an illness that is caused from birth. Untimely infants are most in danger for the ailment, and most that are brought into the world with it don't cry in the initial five minutes of birth not at all like ordinary children. The reason for the illness is as yet obscure like numerous â€Å"birth defects.† The mother and father of the infant frequently feel remorseful for the baby’s condition, yet in all actuality it still regularly happens in any event, when the mother has carefully followed her physician’s counsel in thinking about herself and the creating newborn child. The ailment upsets real capacities and the side effects may change. Numerous subjects can't talk however their minds are completely utilitarian and in this manner are caught in their own reality, incapable to communicate their sentiments or musings. In the book the specialists revealed to Christy’s mother that he could always be unable to impart and would be a â€Å"vegetable† an incredible remainder. Not at all like a great deal of patients with a similar sickness Christy with a ton of assurance turned his life around. He figured out how to communicate through composition and painting, doing this just with the utilization of his left foot. Christy’s story makes you take a second look at your issues and rethink your life. Motivation â€Å"A man ought not endeavor to dispose of his edifices yet to get into accord with them: they are truly what coordinates his direct in the world.† - Sigmund Freud With the mass progression of books, films, and media in the advanced world it is elusive an incredible book or film. Each on occasion you run over a book that changes the manner in which you take a gander at the world. It transforms you viewpoint and point of view. My left foot is that sort of book, and Christy Brown is that sort of individual. Christy Brown was naturally introduced to a poor Irish group of fifteen. Notwithstanding those issues he was brought into the world with Cerebral Palsy. There was very little think about the infection at that point and specialists didn’t comprehend how to manage Christy and figured he could always be unable to speak with the outside world. They told his mom: â€Å"For your own purpose, don’t take a gander at this kid as you would to the others.† But his mom suspected something. She, with out a shade of uncertainty realized that Christy might get her and would impart some way or another. She was right; despite seemingly insurmountable opposition he, with the assistance and assurance of his mom, figured out how to compose. Regardless of whether the main way he could was with his left foot. He battled ordinarily to learn and frame new letters. He could have quite recently nestled into his own reality and not face the gigantic battles of his regular day to day existe nce, Be that as it may, he strived to have the option to do the things each typical individual could do. In light of his debilitation he understood the world from with an improved point of view. He composed this extraordinary book about his life and now he rouses with his persuasive biography. We see his battles and it lets us take a gander at our issues in an entire distinctive light, and it rouses us to invest somewhat more energy. Alone Numerous individuals approach serious distortion and handicap with extraordinary dread, and are uncomfortable around a person with anything excessively not the same as that of â€Å"normal† society. Christy Brown grew up not realizing why individuals would gaze, giggle, or turn away. He new there was something other than what's expected yet he didn’t comprehend what it was. He was unacquainted with the odd illness that tormented him ordinarily of his life. Envisioning the inclination one would have inside themâ makes me screen with alarm. At the point when he was youthful he would be towed around by his siblings and companions in the old battered-up wagon that was know as â€Å"The Chariot†, and was remembered for their games and fun. In any case, with so much utilize the old wagon broke and his association with the world was unplugged. Be that as it may, as he generally had done before he discovered his bit of typical life trough painting. As he became more established, out of adolescence, he started to see himself in an alternate manner. He started to perceive any reason why he was the objective of such a large number of discomforting gazes. He started to comprehend his illness and that regardless of how diligently he attempted he could always be unable to fit in like every other person. He fell into dim sadness for a while. It just deteriorated as time went on. Regardless of how upbeat he was he in every case new he was unusual to every other person.

Defining a Heroine free essay sample

The word champion has numerous definitions, however a genuine courageous woman is a lady who is magnanimous, and thinks about others similarly, if not more, than she thinks about herself. That being stated, on the grounds that there are such a large number of various thoughts and meanings of what a champion really is, one must frame their very own perspective on the word. For example, the American essayist Sylvia Day talked about her own champions and stated, My courageous women, usually, are the ones who are upset and safe. Beside the numerous thoughts, definitions, and understandings of the courageous woman, knowing the repeat meaning of the word is critical to having the option to frame a sincere belief. To make matters much additionally befuddling, the word reference meaning of the champion contains around three unique clarifications of the word. In straightforward terms, a courageous woman can either be a fanciful or unbelievable lady who has the characteristics of a saint, a lady appreciated and imitated for her accomplishments and characteristics, or the foremost female character in a scholarly or sensational work. We will compose a custom paper test on Characterizing a Heroine or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The main translation of the word makes reference to the possibility of a crowd, which Is just the manly type of the word courageous woman. In spite of the fact that it isn't extraordinary to hear a lady be alluded to as a saint, a man will never be alluded to as a courageous woman. Different words that are equivalent words to the word courageous woman are words like symbol, driving woman, legend, hero, and demigoddess. Despite the fact that the meaning of a champion Is tangled and to some degree confounding, the meaning of what something contrary to a courageous woman Is totally clear.Overall, a courageous woman Is a lady who Is magnanimous, puts everything on the line to help other people, is fearless, Is self-destroying, and does what she can for others paying little mind to the conceivable individual consequences. That being stated, the direct inverse of a champion Is a lady who Is narrow minded, heartless, proud, and Is just worried for her own prosperity. In less complex terms, the inverse off courageous woman Is as a matter of fact a weakling. Despite the fact that the meaning of a heroin Is somewhat hazy, It Is sure that a champion Is not somebody who Is frail, apprehensive, gutless, or swoon of-heart.What Is likewise sure about this word Is that there are the same number of various types of courageous women as there are vulnerable. A courageous woman can be the main woman In a novel, somebo dy you Idealize, or somebody you know and gaze upward to. For Instance, one of my very own courageous women would no ifs, ands or buts be my Aunt Adrian. Adrian Is a lady of genuineness, assurance, drive, love, empathy, liberality, and comprehension. She Is somebody I gaze upward to, try to resemble, and have come to view as an individual heroine.In a totally unique sense, Beryl Markham Is the champion of her novel West With the Night, In how she Is the main woman, yet she additionally shows incredible measures of boldness, Integrity, and genuineness all through the book. All in all, there Is no solitary Idea, definition, or Interpretation of the courageous woman. There are endless Ideas of the courageous woman however what gives the word importance Is ones individual Interpretation of the word.Defining a Heroine By intellectuals specifies the possibility of a legend, which is basically the manly type of the word Even however the meaning of a champion is tangled and to some degree befuddling, the meaning of what something contrary to a cham pion is totally clear. Generally speaking, a champion is a lady who is caring, tries really hard to help other people, is gutsy, is self-destroying, and does what she can for others paying little heed to the conceivable individual consequences. That being stated, the direct inverse off champion is a lady who is narrow minded, heartless, proud, and is just worried for her own wellbeing.In less complex terms, the inverse off courageous woman is in all honesty a quitter. In spite of the fact that the meaning of a heroin is somewhat muddled, it is sure that a courageous woman isn't somebody who is frail, apprehensive, gutless, or weak willed. What is likewise sure about this word is that there are the same number of various types of champions as there are definitions. A courageous woman can be the main woman in a novel, somebody you romanticize, or somebody you know and turn upward to. For example, one of my very own champions would unquestionably be my Aunt Adrian. Adrian is a lady of genuineness, assurance, drive, love, empathy, liberality, and comprehension. She is somebody I gaze upward, hope for sense, Beryl Markham is the courageous woman of her novel West With the Night, in how she is the main woman, yet she additionally shows incredible measures of boldness, trustworthiness, and genuineness all through the book. All in all, there is no particular thought, definition, or understanding of the courageous woman. There are endless thoughts of the courageous woman however what gives the word significance is ones individual understanding of the word.

ATHack

ATHack One of the amazing things about going to a techy school like MIT is that there are always tons of opportunities to apply what you know while building something awesome. Some people do it through UROPs. Some people do it through clubs. Some people do it through hackathons. Hackathons are usually a one day event (some run for a full 24 hours, some less) where teams are presented with an opportunity to come up with an idea and actually make it. Some are more free form and allow teams to create a solution to a problem they define. Others are more focused and have everyone work on developing a solution to the same challenge. This past weekend, I took part in my first hackathon- The Assistive Technologies Hackathon (or ATHack for short). The goal of ATHack was to pair teams of MIT students with people living with disabilities to solve a problem in the home. Its a unique opportunity to put our engineering skills to the test and help improve someones life. Ive always felt that most hackathons are really for Course 6 (Computer Science and Electrical Engineering) students. However, our team of Mechanical Engineers and I had the opportunity to contribute at this hackathon since we were expected to physically build something for our client. We met with our client a couple times to try and design a hands-free walker which would help him use his trunk muscles instead of his arms to support his body as he walked. As a team, we met together before the hackathon (which was allowed at this competition) to brainstorm some ideas. Empowered by a set of Tinker Toys, we created this very impressive model of what we wanted to build. On the day of the event My team and I met at 8:30 AM in this cool lab space called Beaver Works. Id never been to the space before, but I was impressed by how funky the space was. Plus, they had this cool beaver light. Our team got to work by gathering the materials we would need to build the framework for our walking device, which was mostly PVC and a lot of fittings. We had some fun playing with all our materials Upper L: Sherry (15) playing with squishy material | Upper R: Me playing with our suspender support Once we gathered our materials, we moved on to figuring out the general dimensions we needed to make the walker based off of our clients body dimensions. We calculated the center of mass to determine the length of the supports we needed to provide stability. Right: Jasmine (15) explaining the dimensions. After we figured out the general geometry, we created a CAD model of our walker (and by we, I mean mostly our MFP, Most Focused Player, Morgan 15). Then we got to cutting PVC, fitting the pieces together, and bending plates to put together our walker. Left Above: Sherry and Jasmine working hard to build. | Right: Natzem and Sherry working to bend metal. Finally, we ended up with a beautiful prototype! (Dont forget- Beauty is in the eye of the beholder :P) We got to test out the prototype with our client at the end of the day, which was slightly terrifying (since our structure was out of PVC and not designed to support his weight at this point) and also amazing. I teared up a little when I got to see him in the device for the first time. Were so thankful to have worked with our amazing client and his parents, who were so willing to help us along the way. At the end of the day, we won Honorable Mention! We were all surprised, but honored. We all just had such a great time getting to work together. Somewhere in all that fun we actually were productive! Ill admit that initially I wasnt too excited to spend one long day working hard in the shop but I had one of the best Saturdays Ive had in a long time. It was amazing working with my teammates and so wonderful to get to work on something so meaningful. Day very well spent :)

Barriers Involved In The Integration And The Way To Overcome Barriers - 1100 Words

Barriers Involved In The Integration And The Way To Overcome The Barriers (Essay Sample) Content: Evidence-Based PracticeNameUniversity AffiliationDateEvidence-based practice is considered an approach that is long-term and solves problems relating to the delivery of healthcare. It solves by integrating the best evidence from well-incorporated studies which is external evidence. It includes evidence collected from the data provided by the patients. There are eight basic steps that are used to integrate the evidence-based practice (EBP) into the clinical environment (Godshall, M, 2015). The steps depend on the previous step since they are relating. This process ensures that there is a platform that enables that best clinical decisions which result in the best outcomes are experienced by the patients.The first step is coming up with the questions that are relevant to the EBP culture and environment. This involves covering the inquiry that affects both the culture and environment of the EBP. This step will be followed by asking the questions to the relevant individual that may involve the patients (Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, 2011). The set questions set in the first step are the one that is going to be asked by the clinicians. The third step is identifying or searching the best evidence from the information acquired from after asking the questions. This is because the replies acquired after asking the questions may be relevant and others being irrelevant concerning the evidence hence the relevant is the one that is required must be identified.The next step is appropriately identifying the evidence extracted after asking the questions. This is done for validity, reliability, and applicability of the practice relating to the evidence for the purpose of integrating the evidence by use of the expertise of the clinical and preference of the patient so as to ascertain if the current practice should be changed (Godshall, M, 2015). If there is no change required in terms of the current practice hence the process will be over. In case the practice needs to be changed the next step follows which is integrating the new evidence by making the appropriate or favorable clinical decisions.The second last step is evaluating and determining the outcomes of the change of the practice. This enables one to be in a position to know the impact of the practice in general. The final step is disseminating the outcomes (Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, 2011). The process and outcomes of the EBP change must be disseminated since it is very vital because others learn of that practice that may produce recommendable outcomes.When one is implementing a new method to address evidence-based practice there are barriers that one is likely to be exposed to. The barriers include organizational culture and philosophy. Every organization like in our case is healthcare organization have their culture and philosophy (Godshall, M, 2015). The barrier is experienced when the implementation intended to be made is against the organization way of executing acti vities. The implementation must be consistent with the organization culture together with its philosophies.Lack of adequate knowledge and education concerning the evidence-based practice is also a barrier. Clinicians may not be conversant with the way the EBP works since they do not have its technical know-how. During the implementing new method, the workers may experience a lot of difficulties hence it's a barrier during the implementation of the new method. Lack of accessibility to the database is another barrier (Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, 2011). The database is the one that enables identification of best evidence out of all those that are provided after collection of the information. The one who may have identified the change may have made some mistake in picking the evidence hence leave the best evidence practice. The accessibility of the database will ensure that the best evidence is identified and therefore used to make a change.The resistance to change by the managers and leaders may also be a barrier during the implementation. This experienced where the opinion of the managers or leaders differs from the change recommended by clinical experts. The managers or leaders and clinical experts must come to an agreement which method to be implemented are favorable (Godshall, M, 2015). The resistance may also be from the nurses and physicians where the change is against their rights. Not being certain of where to look for information and how to critically collect the information is also a barrier in our situation. One must select those sources of information which are appropriate to avoid instances of a collection of incorrect information. The method of collection must be appropriate since the sources of information differ or are not the same. Also, the individuals that are providing the information are also not the same.Inadequate resources that facilitate the process of evidence-based practice is also a barrier. There must be available resources such as funds and personnel to ensure that the EBP process is fluent that is without stoppages (Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, 2011). Limitation of time is also another barrier. This is because time allocated to the EBP process may not be enough making the personnel carrying out the research making some assumptions which may be appropriate.The following strategies are going to use so as to ensure increased success and also curbing or overcoming the available barriers. The strategies include enhancement of individual healthcare and clinical managers or leaders about the knowledge and skills concerning the EBP. This is done by creating awareness concerning the EBP (Godshall, M, 2015). The awareness will make the leaders know the general overview and benefits of the EBP. This case will avoid instances relating to resistance to change by the leaders and the other staffs....

Theodore Roosevelt And The Great Depression - 1203 Words

Each president from Theodore Roosevelt to Herbert Hoover faced his own unique set of situations during their tenure, ranging from railroad regulation to the Great Depression. Though each presidency required different solutions for which the public had to be shaped, through spin, in order to resolve a situation in a manner the president saw fit, some presidents such as William Howard Taft, and Warren G. Harding are not as well known for their use of spin. Due to the varying technological and communicative advancements like the introduction of press conferences and the invention of the radio; and the different events, such as World War I, and the Great Depression that resulted in the change in public perceptions of spin, the extent to which each president used spin changed because the circumstances under which each president had to preside over changed, so each president had to build their presidency off of their predecessor’s successes and failures. After rising to the presidency in the beginning of the Twentieth century, Theodore Roosevelt became the first American president to devote his presidency to galvanizing public opinion. When Roosevelt took office, he did not have the benefit of being able to utilize his successors’ tools such as speechwriters utilized by Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge, or press secretaries utilized by Herbert Hoover. Instead, Roosevelt shaped his image and the public by creating and utilizing new methods of spin, such as â€Å"touring widely,Show MoreRelatedThe New Deal: An Experiment in Liberalism Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States economy. However, it was not the sole cause of the Great Depression. The crash further exposed the cracks in America’s apparent prosperity. And, since the causes of the economic crises were complex, the solution to the economic problems facing the United States would be complicated as well. Ready to address the complicated issue of reviving the American economy, as well as its despairing citizenry, was Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Roosevelt’s campaign for the presidency in 1932 pledged vigorousRead MoreGerstle s Historiographical Of Mainstream Americanism1327 Words   |  6 Pagesmuch lesser extent, or even not at all, class and gender). The American Crucible conceptualizes American liberals as well as whiteness scholars’ synthetic historiographical interpretations on mainstream Americanism like Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt- Theodore Roosevelt especially, due the author’s attention to the meaning of the liberal state and liberalism. However, above all that, Gerstle argues that inherent tensions between two powerful types of nationalism- racial and civic- haveRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s President Of The United States1546 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 31-33 Test: Individual Question When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to his first term as president of the United States in 1932, America was in a severe depression. When Franklin Roosevelt took office in March of 1933, President Hoover handed the problems of the Great Depression over to Roosevelt. Upon taking office, Franklin Roosevelt issued a bank holiday which forced all banks to close from March 6 to March 10 while he met with Congress to pass the Emergency Banking Act to allow banksRead MoreTeddy Roosevelt And The Development Of The National Parks1353 Words   |  6 Pages Teddy Roosevelt and the development of the National Parks 11/30/2014 Nicholas Wittkopp He was the youngest candidate to become president. He was the leader of the progressive movement. He was our twenty sixth president, he served from 09/14/1901 to 03/4/1909. He was a writer of thirty five books. He was New York s thirty third governor. He was a naturalist. He was a war hero in the Spanish-American War. He was a member of rough riders. He trust busted forty corporations. He madeRead MoreThe Presidency Of The United States1401 Words   |  6 Pagesnineteenth century presidents, such as Abraham Lincoln, wielded great power and significantly influenced the future of the United States, many were really just caretakers eclipsed in prominence by various industrialists and robber barons. The modern American presidency was actually the creation of Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt who by different means expanded and strengthened the office of the President of the United States. The Roosevelt family revolutionized how the United States operated and functionedRead MorePresident Of Government And Political Affairs1130 Words   |  5 Pagestheir performance. The Presidents I have chosen to examine include, Theodore Roosevelt (26th), Franklin D. Roosevelt (32nd), and Harry S. Truman (33rd). All chosen because they all are know for the many things they have done in history, the changes they made during their terms, and the many important choices and decisions they had made. First of all, let s start chronologically with Theodore Roosevelt. When Roosevelt took office in 1901. At only the age of 43, he was at the time the youngestRead MoreEssay on President Theodore Roosevelt1062 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Theodore Roosevelt was the outmost incredible president of our nation. He cared about every aspect of our country. He was remarkable, brilliant, and strong. He brought something different to the table of the presidential legacy. His personality, however was like no other, he was an impossible act to follow. He also was impetuous and did not hesitate to work around the regulations to get what he wanted. With the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt stepped up to becomeRead MoreEssay on The Progressive Era?s influence on the New Deal1349 Words   |  6 Pagesas did its reincarnation and rebirth apparent in the New Deal. Although the first signs of this pristine Progressive movement shone since the mid-1800s, no one had cleared the way for its momentous effect upon the nation in the same degree as Theodore Roosevelt. Although at times hot-tempered and brash, his charismatic attitude pushed forward many of the original progressive legislations. For example, his Sherman Anti-Trust Act proposed the life of a trust should be based on its history and actionsRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt : An Effective American President And Leader1509 Words   |  7 PagesPresidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Thesis: Franklin D. Roosevelt was an effective American president and leader. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a powerful leader and one of the most highly regarded presidents in American history. He connected well with American people, had a strong character, possessed a clear vision for America, had valuable political skills, and could lead people in challenging times. With recent development with radio technology, his democratic views had a great influence and he connectedRead MoreTheodore (‘Teddy’ or T.R.) Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858 in New York City, New York. Teddy800 Words   |  4 Pages Theodore (‘Teddy’ or T.R.) Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858 in New York City, New York. Teddy was the second born out of four children in his family. As a child I wouldn’t say he was the healthiest. He suffered from asthma and poor eye sight, which explains his glasses, throughout his childhood. Since he was sick all of the time he didn’t attend school, he was home schooled. His mom and sometimes aunt would be his teacher. His family traveled around Europe, while they were in Europe

Uintatherium Facts and Figures

Name: Uintatherium (Greek for Uinta beast); pronounced WIN-tah-THEE-ree-umHabitat: Plains of North AmericaHistorical Period: Middle Eocene (45-40 million years ago)Size and Weight: About 13 feet long and 1-2 tonsDiet: PlantsDistinguishing Characteristics: Large size; small brain; three pairs of knobby horns on the skull About Uintatherium One of the first prehistoric megafauna mammals ever to be discovered, in late-nineteenth-century Wyoming, Uintatherium figured in the Bone Wars waged between the famous American paleontologists Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel C. Marsh. This bizarre, plant-eating beast was worth a good fight: Uintatherium was distinguished by the three, count em, three pairs of knobby horns on its head (which may only have grown on males, as a way to increase their attractiveness to females during mating season), making it look a bit like a mutated rhinoceros. (So enamored were Cope and Marsh of Uintatherium that they managed to name it half a dozen times, the now-discarded genera including Dinoceras, Ditetradon, Elachoceras, Octotomus, Tinoceras and Uintamastix.) As with other early mammals of the Eocene epoch, about 40 million years ago, Uintatherium didnt exactly excel in the intelligence department, with an unusually small brain compared to the rest of its bulky body--no doubt an artifact of its plant-eating diet and its relative lack of natural enemies, as full-grown Uintatherium adults would have been virtually immune to predation.  How it survived for so long is a bit of a mystery, one compounded by the fact that this mysterious beast (and its fellow uintatheres) vanished completely off the face of the earth by the later Eocene epoch, leaving very few fossil remains in its wake. One theory is that Uintatherium was gradually displaced by better-adapted megafauna mammals, such as the thunder beast Brontotherium.

Sociological Attitudes Toward Gender And Sexuality

When analysing the current state of sociological attitudes toward gender and sexuality, the overwhelming conclusion is that the hegemonic view in society assumes an inherent binary (Lorber via Steele, 2005, p.75). We categorize people into two groups: male or female; man or woman; masculine or feminine; gay or straight. However, throughout humanity’s development, variances to that model have emerged, either choosing to sit somewhere between the binary, or reject the model altogether. These variations challenge the binary assumptions entrenched within society, and as a result, are often denied, misunderstood or ignored entirely. Enter bisexuality. Put simply, the concept of bisexuality is a sexual orientation that lies in the space between heterosexuality and homosexuality. However, society’s assumption of sexual essentialism, the idea that sexual orientation is fixed and absolute, has led to a culture that is â€Å"uncomfortable with people who are sexually ambiguous (Valverde via Naugler, 2012, p. 87). This urges society to assume that, despite the existence of bisexuality, people are really either gay or straight (Valverde via Naugler, 2012, p. 83). This is the phenomenon of bisexual erasure (Eisner, 2013, p. 89). Bisexual erasure affects both bisexual men and women in various ways; however, this essay will focus on the erasure of bisexuality in men in particular. There is a distinctive public perception when it comes to bisexuality in men: that they don’t exist at all. DenialShow MoreRelatedCommon Sense Explanations And The Explanations Of C. Wright Mills Theory Of The Sociological Imagination1534 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be exploring the differences between common sense explanations and the explanations of C. Wright Mills theory of The Sociological Imagination. Common sense is based on people s personal experiences and their opinions, very often constructed from social norms and generalised views. Whereas, the Sociological Imagination thought up by sociologist C. Wright Mills (1959) is based on the ideas of thinking critically and skeptically, in order to think sociologically. He wrote thatRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination And Common Sense1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sociological Imagination was a term that was first coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills. It could be said that definition of The Sociological I magination is having the ability to look beyond personal experience and realise that society is shaped by the cross over between biography and history. Mills thought that everyone in society had the capability to think sociologically and that this was essential to gain a deeper understanding of both their society, and their current circumstance. ThisRead MoreFunny Thing About Sociology : Time Essay862 Words   |  4 Pagesgoes into coming up with a sociological question. Sociologists rework their questions multiple times, and then reviews for structure and sociological imagination; no surprise the rewording starts again. Finally, with great relief the masterpiece is done, the question is asked. One will sit back and admire their question only to realize the real work is about to start. Attempt one at a sociology question: Why do homosexual people â€Å"come out† about their sexuality verses naturally progressingRead MoreDisability Term Paper1491 Words   |  6 PagesRosario Student # 700316 Central Texas College For Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for SOCI 1301 Introduction to Sociology Submitted to Dr. Duffy December 7, 2010 INTRO TO SOCIOLOGY 2 INTRODUCTION This paper demonstrates that hitherto sociological analyses of disability have been theoretically and methodologically inadequate. It is written that sociology, in common with the other major contemporary disciplines, has accepted almost without question the legitimacy of the individualistic biomedicalRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal And The Normalization Of Homosexuality1422 Words   |  6 Pageslegal and the normalization of homosexuality, the LGBQT community continues to face scrutiny over their lifestyle. I will be talking about the various conflicts the community faced in the past and continues to face in the present. And the various sociological concepts that links as to why homosexuality is seen by society as deviance , such as the Functionalist perspective and Socialization. According to the American Psychological Association, the current scientific understanding is that individualsRead MoreA Glance At Modern Society1147 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction in terms of economic relationship†¦ Ruiz and Mà ­nguez (2001) observe that such environments prompt immoralities such as ‘poverty, inequality, and exclusion’† (qtd. in Lucey, Agnello, and Hawkins 2). Homophobia can be described as an antipathy towards homosexual individuals. Those individuals are subjected to prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination in their social and political lives. From the foreword of The Bluest Eye by Toni Moorison, Moorison states â€Å"There can’t be anyone, I am sure, whoRead MoreGoing Into High School As A Junior981 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore and this was a great course and I am really glad that I took it. The things that took from this course that I can compare and relate to my life are the uses of technology in our society, social inequi ty, race of others, family and culture, gender differences, and personal life problems. When we look at how technology and how it has changed over the years, there are a lot of things that are different then how they used to be. The people, the way technology is used, as well as who uses itRead MoreThe Beliefs Of Misconceptions And Gender, Race, And Sexuality1472 Words   |  6 PagesCollins approaches the beliefs of misconceptions already existent towards multi social groups’ underlying different issues mostly affecting African Americans. These issues highlighted by Collins include, â€Å"a set of ideas and social practices shaped by gender, race, and sexuality that frame Black men and women’s treatment of one another, as well as how African Americans are perceived and treated by others† (p.7). These ideas encapsulate a false understanding of the issues surrounding the persecutionsRead MoreGender and Postmodern1508 Words   |  7 Pageson ‘Gender’ through comparison and contrast of the views of authorities who are postmodern practit ioners† Introduction Defining postmodernism as well as gender is an extremely difficult task if not impossible. This essay is an argument on the two postmodernist’s concept on ‘Gender’. This essay argues posing foucauldian postmodernism of Judith Butler against Baudrillardean post modernism of Arthur and Marilouse Kroker with analysis on both their ideas on gender including sex and sexuality. ThisRead MoreFeminism, Marxism And Marxism1320 Words   |  6 Pagesproletariat until the establishment of a classless society(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Marxism) Firstly, Marxism is a widely academically known and used theory and interpretation all over literature. However, this is different in a sociological perspective. From a Marxist perspective, the proletariats are the majority and the bourgeoisie are the minority, under capitalist ideologies. The proletariats work very hard whereas the bourgeoisie are powerful and control everything. The proletariats

African American Contributions to American History

Many blacks contributed to the success of our country in every war that we as a people have ever fought. In order to properly thank them for their heroic effort, I as a Hispanic Caucasian must give credit where credit is due. In order to properly do so, I must begin with the contributions of â€Å"Black America† beginning with the American Revolution and continue up until the World War II. Make no mistake blacks made contributions well past World War II, but in the interest of time and accuracy I must stay within the confines of our earlier history. One main aspect that should be analyzed is the fact that no matter how hard the struggle, blacks have always overcome adversity no matter what the cost. Of course, contributions made by blacks†¦show more content†¦Some became the founders of the British colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa. Even though the British offered slaves a better deal, many blacks served on the American side. They made up a sizeable share of t he men in the Continental navy, state navies and the large force of American privateers. Blacks had long been in the labor force on ships and at seaports. On the water, then as now, skill counted for more than politics. The precise role of blacks in the revolution is difficult to quantify. Blacks in those days generally did not write. The people who did write early histories of the revolution were whites and concentrated on the efforts of white men. Also, many participants in the revolution were not specifically identified by race in the documents of the time and historians now have no way of knowing whether they were black. When blacks were allowed to serve in the American military, they often did work as laborers, sometimes in addition to regular soldier duties. Usually they were privates, though a few rose to command small groups of men. The words of the Declaration of Independence were taken literally by blacks and some whites. In, 1780, Pennsylvania became the first colony to pass a law phasing out slavery. Children born to slaves after that date were granted their freedom when they reached 28. Other northern states followed. The Superior Court of Massachusetts held in 1783 that slavery violated theShow MoreRelatedWe Are Enjoying Your Day Off1509 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting better at what we do. Each day, Dr. Bongo shares a black history fact that many of you are sharing with your students. In thinking about Black History Month, I encourage you to diversify the content for all students as part of your instructional practice, not just during a specific month. Validate and affirm the significant importance of the histories, stories, and perspectives of Black Americans as well as Hispanic Americans as content worthy to be included and studied all year by providingRead MoreEducation And Complex Communication : Booker T Washington1071 Words   |  5 Pagesin the early 19th century, people knew it would take some time for African Americans to progress as a race, and most importantly to join in contributing to an integral part of society. To say people knew might be a tough assumption to make, many people doubted this to ever be a possibility. One of the people who contributed to making this a possibility was Booker T Washington. Booker Taliaferro Washington was an African America n educator, author, and advisor to presidents of the United States. BetweenRead MoreThe Film More Than A Month996 Words   |  4 Pagesfilmmaker Shukree Hassan Tilghman, Tilghman argues that we should end Black History Month for once and for all. In this film he attempts to demonstrate the truth about BHM and examine what might happen if BHM no longer existed. Tilghman argues that â€Å"Black History is American History†, and he believes that the only solution to this problem is to end BHM and incorporate it all year around. So the question is: should we end Black History Month? This is an extremely controversial question which has been askedRead MoreRestoring the History of African Americans in The Negro Digs Up His Past by Arthur Schomburg1018 Words   |  4 Pagescomplaint that somehow through the years African American history has been questioned and denied as many claim that Africans have no history at all. He uses this paper to illustrate the importance of recording the collective accomplishments of African Americans and that we must at all costs save any evidence, so that things like this do not happen again in the future. He wants to make sure to leave no place for doubts that African Americans have a history and is irrefutable in the eyes of skepticsRead MoreBlack Theater By William Henry Brown941 Words   |  4 PagesManhattan by the American Grove Theater founded by William Henry Brown. The definition for black theater was â€Å"created by African-Americans, for African-American audience and about topics that are important to the African American community. At this point in time, African Americans were enslaved throughout America. African-Americans did not have much rights, so the definition â€Å"created by African-Americans† was significant to show that they have a voice too, â€Å"for African American audience and aboutRead MoreHayden’s Way Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pageshim. Being an African American poet was not e asy during Hayden’s lifetime, being born in 1913, integration was not something people were excited about. After some hard times and hard work, he was able to prove himself to the poetic community, Robert Hayden is now generally accepted as the most outstanding craftsman of Afro-American poetry (Glaysher). It wasn’t an easy task for him to accomplish, with his work being quite rare of having a common topic of African American history and hardshipsRead MoreThe Great Impact African American Women On Society1535 Words   |  7 PagesWe all know the big impact African American women had on society. We constantly hear about Harriet Tubman, the conductor, or Rosa Parks, the stubborn, leader. But there are many women we don’t hear about, including Ella Baker, Michelle Obama, Tyra Banks, Diana Nash, Daisy Bates, Madam Walker, Oprah Winfrey, and many more. All these women had a big impact on society, and helped during times like the civil rights movement, racism back in the 1800’s, and in some political aspects too. They helped shapeRead MoreThe American Negro Academy : The First Black Intellectual Society Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Negro Academy, the first Black intellectual society, started the trend of establishing Black elitist groups who valued higher education. Unlike Booker T. Washington, Crummell’s Academy taught others that the race should learn self-sufficiency, not relying on social inclusion from Whites. He understood that Whites and Blacks would probably never peacefully coincide because the â€Å"race-problem† encompassed all of American history. In fact, the growth of Black and White populations wouldRead MoreSummary Of Carter Father Of Black History Month 1768 Words   |  8 PagesCarter G. Woodson formally known as the â€Å"Father of Black History Month† was an extraordinarily wise man who dedicated his life time to African American History. His most famous pieces of writings wa s his book The Mis-Education of the Negro in which many topics are discussed for example education, business, politics, religion, self-hatred, and black on black prejudice, which I exceptionally believe is a very negative dilemma in the present day society. An abundant amount of what Woodson wrote aboutRead More Aspects Of A Negro Life Essay1797 Words   |  8 PagesA Negro Life Through his political activism and his artwork, Douglas dramatically changed the way other artists viewed African Americans. Politically, he helped found and served as president for the activist organization that drastically assisted with employing thousands of artists. he 1920s and 1930s brought drastic changes to the lives of many African Americans. Geographically, they migrated toward the urban, industrialized North, not only to escape racial prejudices and economic hardships

Goverment Review Free Essays

Goverment Review Questions: 1. A constitution is a document that creates the legal Framework for a government. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Goverment Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now After the independence of Mexico Texas was politically a part of Mexico 3. Although many delegates to the 1875 convention were business professionals, farmers interest had an overwhelming influence. 4. Name the Texas constitution that allowed Blacks in Texas the right to vote – Radical Reconstruction 5. The constitution of the Republic of Texas was influenced by The U. S. Constitution 6. African Americans earned the right to vote in Texas with ratification of the 1869 constitution 7. Texas joined the Confederacy in 1861 8. The Republic of Texas was created in 1836 9. Under the Republic of Texas, slavery was legalized 10. The Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was written under rule by the Mexican constitution of 1824 11. In order to legally secede from the United States, Texas would need 12. The Texas constitution differs from the U. S. Constitution in length and process in choosing judges 13. In Texas, schools are governed at the municipal level. 14. Voting rights in Texas were originally limited by the use of Poll taxes 15. The Texas constitution has been amended 400 times, compared to 27 times for the U. S. Constitution. 16. Poll taxes, used in Texas until 1966, limited the voting rights of minorities 17. Elections of Texas governors and of board and commission members are staggered, leading to the 18. The Texas constitution can be described as being very detailed 19. Amendments to the Texas constitution with only a limited, local impact are voted on by all Texas citizens 20. The 1974 attempt to reform the Texas constitution was largely impeded by those wishing to gain independence 21. The traditionalistic and individualistic political subculture supported Conservative establishment. 22. The main lobbying opponent of the trial lawyers lobby has been the Texas Medical Association 23. Public interest groups are most likely to use funding pathway. 24. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has tended to use the courts pathway. 25. The Religious Right has come to direct the Republican Party and its political agenda in Texas in the last two decades. 26. Texas elected no governor to statewide office between 1874 and 1961. 27. According to one scholar, bifactionalism in Texas resulted in increased influence for interest groups 28. Define realignment. A major shift in political party support or identification that usually occurs around a critical election. 29. In 2002, the districts drawn by the Legislative Redistricting Board helped draw new districts that favored republicans 30. 45th governor of State of Texas Ann Richards 31. Methods that were used to limit voting rights for minorities in Texas Poll Taxes 32. The function of political action committees is to raise money 33. A campaign finance disclosure law passed in Texas in 1973 mandates limits on campaign 34. General Law Cities in Texas have fewer than Residents 35. The type of city government most based on the separation-of-powers principle is the mayor- council government 36. The operation of local governments in Texas is dictated by the legislature and the state constitution 37. General-law cities have fewer than 5,000 citizens and lack the power of legislation 38. The strong mayor form of municipal government in Texas more closely resembles Houston than city government. 9. The strong mayor form of government, though common elsewhere in the U. S. , is only found in what major city in Texas? Houston 40. The city commission form of municipal government reflects its origins in its Fragmented executive 41. Municipal elections in Texas are overwhelmingly nonpartisan 42. City governments rely on regressive taxes for funding. 43. Cities often finance projects through the use of voter-approved sales tax i ncrease 44. What are General Obligation bonds? Government bonds used to finance construction projects. The bonds, which required voter approval, are repaid with taxes revenues. 45. Judicial activities in counties are carried out primarily by the county courts- at- law 46. In smaller counties, the primary law enforcement duties are carried out by the sheriff 47. The county official responsible for receiving and disbursing county funds is the county treasurer 48. The primary source of funding for councils of government in Texas is Regressive taxes 49. Define Spoke Annexation- the ability cities to expand their boundaries 50. Texas cities can annex an area up to 10% of their territory in a given year. How to cite Goverment Review, Essay examples

Macro & Micro Environment of HOTS Hotel-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyze the Macro and Micro Environment of HOTS Hotel. Answer: Introduction Strategic management can be defined as the process of formulating and implementing of the chief initiatives and goals of an organizations top management. This process involves consideration of resources along with detailed analysis of external and internal environments, in which the particular organization competes (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). In this report, detailed analysis of the micro and macro environments of the HOTS hotel have been performed along with the developing strategic direction for the organization (Avilova, Ermakov Gozalova, 2014). While for analyzing the Macro environment of the company, PESTLE analysis is performed, SWOT and Porters five forces model have been used to understand and analyze the micro environment of the mentioned organization. Discussion Environmental analysis Environmental Analysis helps an organization to understand both internal and external condition that has direct impact on the prosperity of the organization. Once the management of the organization becomes aware of the external and internal factors that are affecting the growth of the business, the managers can successfully design long term business plan to cope up with the weaknesses and availing the opportunities of the company (Grant, 2016). Analysis of HOTS Hotel Micro environment Micro environmental analysis includes analysis of the external factors that has direct impact on the sales of a specific organization (Eden Ackermann, 2013). These factors are beyond the organizations control. In order to analyze the Micro environment of HOTS hotel, Porters five forces model have been used. Porters five forces Model of HOTS Hotel Bargaining power of the Buyers Strength: Moderate Considering the fact that the number of hotels with modern facilities and well constructed structure are present in Brisbane, tourists have a great number of options to choose from. However, since HOTS Hotel is situated at the town centres and has a minimum distance from the shopping centers, these two factors add competitive advantage for the mentioned hotel in Australia since tourists prefer hotels that are nearer to the shopping centers. Bargaining power of the suppliers Strength: High As mentioned earlier, a good number of hotels are present in Brisbane (Vecchiato, 2012). As a result, the suppliers of goods and services of the HOTS hotel have a number of options to provide their services. This means, if sufficient wages and value for the products supplied or services given is not provided by the mentioned hotel, suppliers have the option to shift. Threat of new entrance Strength: Low Due to the high barriers of entering the hotel industry in Australia along with the complex entry laws and legislation implemented by the government, the threat of new entrance for the HOTS hotel is low. Apart from that, the amount of money needed to establish a successful business in the hotel industry is another reason behind the less amount of entry in this industry (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Threat from substitute Strength: Moderate Considering the fact those services provided by the hotel industries in Brisbane are highly similar, every hotel management including the management of HOTS hotel is trying to introduce innovative leisure services to attract consumers. Threat from existing competitors Strength: High Considering the fact that there exist a good number of hotels in Brisbane, high competition exists between them (Wheelen et al., 2017). Since tourists seek for the best experience for the best price, the tendency of the hotels in Brisbane is to reduce the price to gain competitive advantages. Analysis of HOTS Hotel Macro environment A macro environmental analysis includes analysis of the whole economy of a country rather than analyzing a particular sector. In order to conduct macro environmental analysis of the HOTS Hotel, PESTLE analysis has been performed (Tanwar, 2013). PEST Analysis Political Economic Social Technological Being a developed country, the government of Australia and hence, Brisbane is stable. This imposes a positive impact on the hospitality industry (Tansey, Spillane Meng, 2014). Since the economy of the town has developed due to the relocation of several business firms, the economic condition of Brisbane is favorable for establishment of hotel industry. Since the local people have commendable willingness and availability to work, the social condition of the town is also favorable for hospitality industry (Dunning, 2014). Since Brisbane is a developed town, the town is highly advanced in technology. Thus the hospitality industries in Brisbane can avail both offline and online facilities to enhance their quality of services to the consumers. SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Highly attractive location Number of facilities provided to the consumers are commendable Specious and highly comfortable rooms. Deterioration of revitalization plan Lack of training provided to the staffs HOTS hotel has the opportunity to gain more market shares by understanding the needs of the consumers. The quality of the service given can be enhanced by incorporating new cuisines to the menu list. High turnover rates of the employees. Presence of high amount of competitors. Strategic Direction for HOTS Hotel From the above analysis the management of HOTS Hotel has derived several strategies to cope up with the competitive market. While the vision of the Company is to provide the consumers with a larger than life experience, the mission of HOTS hotel is to motivate and employees and other stakeholders by proving proper facilities and training. In order to achieve the goals and objectives of the hotel, Porters generic strategies have been implemented by the management. The mentioned strategy is comprised of cost leadership strategy, product differentiation strategy and focus strategy (Dudin et al., 2014). While the cost leadership strategy includes reduction of the costs while keeping the quality of the service high, the focus strategy includes providing the staffs with efficient training and focusing more on revitalization (Bharwani Mathews, 2012). The product differentiation strategy involves attracting the tourists by providing unique facilities like special offer packages, free welcom e drinks and gifts on the basis of lucky draw facilities. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that it is very crucial to understand the external and internal environment of HOTS Hotel in order to understand its shortcoming and opportunities. In order to overcome the issues that have been detected from the environmental analysis several strategies have been developed. It can be clearly understood that HOTS hotel needs to implement the strategies effectively in order to achieve its mission. The strategies will not only help the hotels to gain competitive advantage but will also ensure its prosperity in the future Reference List: Avilova, N. L., Ermakov, A. S., Gozalova, M. R. (2014). An analysis of the international customer attraction experience in the hospitality industry.World Applied Sciences Journal,30(MCTT), 84-86. Retrieved from: https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20143157200 Bharwani, S., Mathews, D. (2012). Risk identification and analysis in the hospitality industry: Practitioners' perspectives from India.Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes,4(5), 410-427. Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/17554211211277851 Dudin, M., Lyasnikov, N., Veselovsky, M., Sekerin, V., Aleksakhina, V. (2014). The problem of forecasting and modelling of the innovative development of social-economic systems and structures, 304-508. Retrieved from: https://profil.ranepa.ru/docs/pubs/p915/54fed23575043.pdf Dunning, J. H. (2014).The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge, 402-490. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=8DpWBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Dunning,+J.+H.+(2014).+The+Globalization+of+Business+(Routledge+Revivals):+The+Challenge+of+the+1990s.+Routledge,+402-490ots=GNMR-nVikhsig=JGofOkVI6W8YpM7pYQJ2xVYJUf4#v=onepageqf=false Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2013).Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage, 235-240. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=UnYWfXigU4UCoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Eden,+C.,+%26+Ackermann,+F.+(2013).+Making+strategy:+The+journey+of+strategic+management.+Sage,+235-240.ots=FDwe6CAXVvsig=wA9kam2YAqeoyK3rI2Kp5t8Xkjs#v=onepageqf=false Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons, 467-300. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=DTDvCQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP15dq=Grant,+R.+M.+(2016).+Contemporary+strategy+analysis:+Text+and+cases+edition.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons,+467-300ots=emJQeHi0ZFsig=JQQD-kbo6evzO7qNQw84wvELxTg#v=onepageqf=false Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning, 654-666. Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=Qy8aCgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Hill,+C.+W.,+Jones,+G.+R.,+%26+Schilling,+M.+A.+(2014).+Strategic+management:+theory:+an+integrated+approach.+Cengage+Learning,+654-666ots=o9kLVlPQvtsig=Ca9YFbCAtGELvSEW4Em-CalS2gA#v=onepageqf=false Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning, 123-234 Retrieved from: https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=qaIKAAAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR2dq=Hitt,+M.+A.,+Ireland,+R.+D.,+%26+Hoskisson,+R.+E.+(2012).+Strategic+management+cases:+competitiveness+and+globalization.+Cengage+Learning,+123-234ots=Emokvn6GBssig=P14A_Y5nE8nNuapO_8cTYvxiLys#v=onepageqf=false Tansey, P., Spillane, J. P., Meng, X. (2014). Linking response strategies adopted by construction firms during the 2007 economic recession to Porters generic strategies.Construction management and economics,32(7-8), 705-724. Retrieved from: https://sci-hub.tw/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2014.933856 Tanwar, R. (2013). Porters generic competitive strategies.Journal of business and management,15(1), 11-17, doi( Nov. Dec. 2013) Vecchiato, R. (2012). Environmental uncertainty, foresight and strategic decision making: An integrated study.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,79(3), 436-447. Retrived from: https://www.hajarian.com/amaliati/1-s2.0-S0040162511001466-main.pdf Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D., Hoffman, A. N., Bamford, C. E. (2017).Strategic management and business policy. Pearson, 234-256 Retrieved from: https://testbank24.com/pdf/Solutions-Manual-Strategic-Management-and-Business-Policy-Globalization-Innovation-and-Sustainability-14th-Edition-Wheelen.pd

Was Vancouver Riots Behavior Normal

Background information Vancouver riot was experienced during a match between the Canucks, Boston and Bruins in competition for the Stanley Cup. It was during the finals when Boston Bruins won 4-0 over the Canucks that the youths became violent, burning down buildings and vehicles and even injuring fellow human beings (CBC News).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Was Vancouver Riots Behavior Normal? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is not a surprise to see youngsters rioting after a match, and in the process, engaging in acts that eventually lead to regrets, History, overtime, has  confirmed this to be a normal occurrence after such an incidence is experienced in various places of the globe (Stepney). This has resulted into research carried out with the sole purpose of identifying whether there could be some kind of abnormality associated with the form of behaviors that are part of the rioting that usu ally lead to massive losses for both property and human life. Results conclude that this is normal as it has so many factors contributing to it such as alcohol and mob reasoning that tends to interfere with an individual’s normal reasoning. According to CBC News many people are always left wondering how young and sound youth should engage in such actions that result into a lot of harm that costs their outstanding reputation to the public and, even in extreme cases, leading to loss of job and rejection (Smith 1). However, considering all the possibilities that are responsible for such moves, it becomes sensible to conclude that they are quite normal occurrences that are to be expected especially in crowded areas. It is this very same reason that qualifies the Vancouver riots normal incident. Reasons behind considering Vancouver riots normal Just like Smith (2) argues, it becomes difficult for people to reason out well once they are in a group, in such cases the limbic system i s left to operate instead of the frontal lobe that is responsible for proper reasoning. At this point, the involved crowds usually act out of emotions, which can be either negative or positive. The ultimate results for the actions involved entirely depend on the kind of emotions that drive the crowd. More often, emotional activities such as sports that entail screams, shouts and other sorts of noise, which can serve as stimuli, lead to the former part of the brain functional, thus leading into some kind of reaction such as riots. Individuals stop thinking as they should and act as groups; this is dangerous as people involve themselves into intolerable acts unlike if they are on their own.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Group brain is risky at a time because people make subliminal moves without reflecting on the consequences.  As illustrated during the Vancouver riots , Nathan, young man from a well- off background, is captured by the media in the very act of burning a police vehicle and later apologizes for his own conduct (Smith1). Such cases are often, which can lead people  in  committing unethical activities. The effect of group brain is that it transforms an individual. For instance, when such rioting groups are separated, they tend to reason in the appropriate manner, meaning that their frontal lobe is at work. This gives an answer as to why the members involved during the Vancouver riots came out apologizing for their behavior as an individual (Smith 1). Smith continues to talk of dispersing people before they form groups also attempting to cause distraction that help them not to stray from their normal reasoning as measures to ensure peace during an event such as sports (Smith). According to Davis (348), usually a crowd is a group or gathering, with no organized structure, it comprises of assembly of people in real -time with each me mber having an individualistic benefit. Crowds become socially united by virtue of being physically together, and as such, any happening within the vicinity can influence them to act in a very crude manner. Crowds do not have any set goals and even have no future expectations of coming back together; this gives an explanation as to why they will always act without reason, leading to massive destructions. Usually, no distinction can be made between individuals because they all tend to have a similar reasoning, this makes what happened at Vancouver a normal phenomenon. Influence is also another factor that can lead to violent behavior. Influence is so powerful that no one wants to be rejected by friends or feel out of place. For this reason, people comply with any type of behavior, however, unethical it is (Pendry). According to Stepney alcohol is the leading source of behavioral variation in human beings; this is because it affects the body chemistry leading to a change for adrenalin e produced. This has an impact on how the brain works. Alcohol and nutrition also have some impact on the way the prefrontal cortexes works.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Was Vancouver Riots Behavior Normal? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This part of the brain develops much later in life. Thus, owing to the fact that people actively involved in the riot were teenagers, it gives a guarantee of their limbic system at work thus leading them to make decisions and act out of emotions. The point that these youngsters were drunk and had a poor diet gives an additional confirmation that the riot was just a normal occurrence. Efforts by the police to close bars and other liquor source did not bear fruits as they had already taken it. Apart from alcohol, passion is also a significant stakeholder in riots. This is in the sense that all individuals in the group have a team to support. The success or failure of the group support will undoubtedly lead to some kind of reaction being negative or positive. It is this combination of reactions, which can lead to brutality. In an event, of trying to support a team; one has a passion for and has invested time, money and energy. After loss by the home team during the Vancouver event, fans were subjected into stress, which is a further trigger for emotions. True to Smith’s argument, on the maturity of the brain, the young children and grownups left the scene after they sensed some kind of threat that could result from their home team defeat thus leaving the youths behind who eventually succumbed to their emotions thus causing chaos. In other cases, spectators trigger, or attempt to provoke fans making them crazy eventually resulting into violence (Smith 5). According to Smith, this event was quite normal. Because, the reactions that  led  into such actions were distinct. To them, emotions have a big role in controlling ones actions becau se they affect brains normal functioning thus influencing the manner in which one reasons. Smith (4) gives fire as an important impulse that arouses emotions. This supports Vancouver riot as normal because it is just immediately after a fire outbreak that the crowds turned violent leading to more and more fire set ups, destruction of property such as breaking of buildings glass windows and a lot of looting. Fire flames are believed to cause some kind of fear and as such some kind of reactions are expected. Vancouver riot was not the first one to be seen or heard of, there are such more incidences reported all over the globe whereby a lot of damage for both property and human life is encountered. Such riots include those encountered during the European Cup Final in 1985, 2000 South Africa- Zimbabwe match, 2000 American championship and many more. In all these riots, fans acted without reasoning just like after the Vancouver finals (Stepney). Contrary to the above-discussed reasons is the idea that some percentage of men went to the field with the intention of causing chaos, and they were there just to start something like setting a vehicle on fire so that they induce others (Smith 4). Their aim was to create havoc in order to get a chance for looting and engage in other animalistic actions.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion It is in order to conclude that when a group of people comes together without a common goal to achieve; social crimes such as riots are likely to occur. Many factors come into play such as the above-mentioned including group brain, passion, alcohol and many more. Brains at work during such moments are not the right ones due to some kind of stimulation. Individuals do not reason out on their own while in a crowd as such, their reasoning is usually impaired resulting into unexpected actions that cause regrets at the end of the day. It is in order to claim the riots at Vancouver a normal happening because all the possible factors leading to such behavior were in place. Works Cited CBC News. Riots Erupt in Vancouver after Canucks Loss. 2011. Web. Davis, Kingsley. Human Society. New York, the Macmillan Company, 1933. Pendry,Louise. Carrick, Rachael. Doing What The Mob Do: Priming Effects on Conformity. European journal of social psychology, (31), pp. 83-92 Smith, Charlie. Evol utionary Biology, the Prefrontal Cortex, and the Stanley Cup Riot in Vancouver, 2011, Web. Stepney, Chloe. Christian Science Monitor: Vancouver Riot and 5 Other Infamous Melees in Sports History, 2011, Web. This research paper on Was Vancouver Riots Behavior Normal? was written and submitted by user Briella Randolph to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Short Term Goal Essay Sample

Short Term Goal Essay SampleWhen it comes to a short term goal essay, these essays are written as part of the elective courses, usually in high school. For these courses, students write for extracurricular activities or club memberships.The competition for scholarships is stiffer than at any other point in time. And the requirement for admission into any university can vary from state to state and from school to school. It is therefore important to have a comprehensive short term goal essay.A short term goal essay is written in answer to a question, basically whether a student wants to enter a specific program and pursue a specific major. As you can imagine, this may be quite difficult, but not impossible, especially if you can pinpoint which courses you wish to do, what level you would like to pursue, and what your major should be.The form for writing a short term goal essay is no different from that for an essay on a graduate or professional application. But there are some differen ces between undergraduate and graduate applications, as well as different rules for college admissions. In graduate school, almost every student applies for admission to a given program, but the rules are stricter about what sort of students are admitted.There are some very specific things to remember, though, when writing a term goal essay. Because, when looking at a complete term goal essay, the only variable that should affect what kind of essay is submitted is the subject, and the guidelines for writing one are more lenient.The only thing you should keep in mind is that the essays have to be solid and well-written. Having a minor or major mistake could make the difference between the essay being read or ignored. Also, you should ensure that the grammar and style are appropriate to the type of essay you are submitting.Writing a short term goal essay is an important thing for high school students. It has to be a comprehensive essay. You have to target your essay towards your chose n program or major, and build up your GPA through effective grammar and spelling.

Political Theater essays

Political Theater essays How does one define political theater' Those who favor conservative or rightwing views, first think of it as leftist propaganda. Individuals who enjoy mainstream plays and straightforward plots, see it as one-sided and pedantic. It is true that inferior productions of these performances can be dogmatic and strident, but every art form has its detractors. However, political theater at its best emphasizes an important societal issue of the day and delivers a message to viewers of all backgrounds and interests. It wishes to be anything but a political party line or single-dimensional in nature. Audiences with a wider view consider political theatre ranging far outside mere polemics. As playwright and journalist Ben Winters states, "political theatre can also be defined as exploring themes more universal and central to society itself, especially when that society defines itself as politically conscious." Adds playwright Jessica Blank, "First and foremost, what we wanted to do was make a good piece of theatre, political or not. If the piece also has a purpose, it can serve that purpose better the better a work of art it is." Surely, El Teatro Campesino Theatre and Bread and Puppet Theatre exemplify this higher level of political Peter Schumann formed The Bread City's Lower East Side. It was named for the coarse, flavorful sourdough bread that was given out at its performances, and for the grave, evocative puppet figures that were the theatre's main performers. During the 60s decade, Bread and Puppet took to the streets, creating outdoor shows, giving expression to neighborhood issues and taking part in peace parades. Since then, it has included work in many different styles, from simple ten-minute performances that can be put on by two people in the street to that require casts of twenty or more. Pupp ...

Words Ending in -ly Arent Always Adverbs

Words Ending in -ly Arent Always Adverbs Words Ending in -ly Aren’t Always Adverbs Words Ending in -ly Aren’t Always Adverbs By Mark Nichol Ask anyone to name a distinguishing characteristic of an adverb, and the reply might be that such a word ends with -ly. Although that is often true, some adverbs, such as fast, lack the ending. For this reason, they are known as flat adverbs. In addition, many words ending in -ly aren’t adverbs. Many adjectives end in -ly (which means- and is cognate with- â€Å"like†), including some that are also adjectives in their â€Å"flat† form. For example, dead and deadly are both adjectives. Deadly may look like an adverb, but one cannot say that one person stared deadly at another person; a correct treatment would be to employ deadly as an adjective and use the noun form of stared: â€Å"He gave her a deadly stare.† A more prominent error is to use timely as if it were an adverb, as in â€Å"She was instructed to complete the report timely.† But it is an adjective, and should be treated as such, as in â€Å"She was instructed to complete the report in a timely manner.† Some words ending in -ly serve as both adjectives and adverbs, such as friendly, likely, and stately. (Other adjectives that look like adverbs but serve only the former function include costly and worldly.) Others, which do not have root words, include early and ugly (both adjectives and adverbs) and burly and grisly (which are only adjectives). Occasionally, an adjective ending in -ly can be converted into an adverb by changing the ending to -lily, but words like friendlily and uglily are rare in writing and almost unheard of in speech. Many adjectives are merely nouns referring to people and with -ly attached, as in the case of brotherly, neighborly, and scholarly, or pertaining to time (for example, monthly) or direction (for example, northerly). Note that many other nouns also end in -ly, such as assembly (based on the verb assemble) and bully (where the ending is a result of the pronunciation of the source word from another language), and some verbs do, too, such as comply and reply. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Whimsical Words50 Synonyms for "Assistant"If I Was vs. If I Were

Faculty of Business Environment and Society Essay

Faculty of Business Environment and Society - Essay Example I began by explaining to the producer what the requirements and contents of a legally binding agreement actually are, and how they apply specifically to this case. I also gave a general summary of what the show could expect, as per liabilities and legal redress, if the hostess backed out or tried to renege on the deal. The conversation was long and extensive, covering the main points of the legal issues as outlined herein. The first issue I advised Simon on was the need to be careful in what he might assume to be small talk or simple, informal negotiations, because one needed to consider that oral and written contracts are considered to be on the same standing when it comes to law. In order to take this into account, I advised, the director should be explicitly clear with Davina when they were negotiating informally, and in the best case scenario, to have a legal advisor present at all formal negotiations. This is not to say that if the two had drinks together and Simon promised the moon to Davina while under the influence all would be binding, but simply the need to be clear and careful in all communications. At this point, I decided it was a good time to explain that the common law accepted both objective and subjective proofs of legal contract agreements. As Mindy Chen-Wishart explains in Contract Law: â€Å"The subjective approach, which favors what a party's actual intention is, regardless of appearances; and The objective approach, which refers to how a reasonable person would interpret a party's intention from his conduct in all the circumstances.† (Chen-Wishart, 2007) Chen-Wishart also quotes Smith vs. Hughes (1871) as the main case law precedent related to the objectivity test, which posits a test of â€Å"reasonability† to determine how the average person would interpret a party’s intention in negotiation in forming a contract as decisive. (Chen-Wishart, 2007) When Simon asked how he could make sure he was not bound by informal ag reements or understandings when talking with business clients, I reiterated this was the overriding need for keeping legal representation present at all times when officially discussing business terms. While the handshake agreement remains popular in some circles, it is a dangerous way to conduct business in modern times, I concluded, precisely because of the lack of witnesses and clarity of situation involved in private, two-party negotiations. After this, Simon asked exactly what requirements were considered most important to make a contract legally binding for all parties following the initial negotiation. While there is a broad corpus of case law referencing contracts, I replied, the main factors could be considered: 1. â€Å"Agreement - where one party makes an offer and the other accepts it; 2. Consideration - where one party gives something in exchange for something from the other party; 3. Intention - where both parties intend to abide by the contract; 4. Capacity - where b oth parties are mentally capable of understanding a contract; 5. Genuine consent - where both parties agree to the contract of their own free will; and 6. Legality - where all of the parts of the contract are legal.† (Victorian Law Foundation, 2011) The principle of agreement, I said, could be applied to either the verbal or written contract and was based on mutual

How Schools Kill Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Schools Kill Creativity - Essay Example According to Ken Robinson, recently the system of education has been built in the way that is very utilitarian. Education was never a public system before the 19th century. The educations primary goal is to meet the industrialism need. The effect of industrialism still exists in the today’s school system. Most countries do believe that citizens who do provide abilities of work areas useful citizens and are highly valued more than other citizens of the state (Robinson, 2006). In recent times with the experienced population growth, people have great opportunities to get into college. According to Ken Robinson in the next 30 years, from UNESCO findings many people around the globe will be graduating from colleges. The number is much greater than what history has ever recorded. Contrary to many people having the opportunity of joining college, a degree is not as important as it was taken during the past. Having a mere degree cannot guarantee anyone a job anymore unlike n the past. Today many university graduates go home to carry on playing video games merely because they a masters degree to get a job where in the past you only needed a bachelors degree. It is a process of academic inflation that indicates that the whole system of education is moving beneath our feet. Another significant aspect that contributes to schools killing creativity is that students spent a lot of time on humanity subjects such as political science classes and history classes rather than mathematics and sciences (Robinson, 2006). In most countries around the globe, many students spent the least amount of time on art classes that are usually considered as the admission test of most regular universities. In addition, some subjects are considered more important than others in the art are. For example, Art and Music are given a great importance in most cases and Dance and Drama are viewed as less important.

Encroachment in the North East Region of Nigeria

Encroachment in the North East Region of Nigeria DESERTIFICATION OR DESERT ENCROACHMENT can result from a change in climate or from human action, and it is often difficult to distinguish between the two. This has commonly led to confusion and misconceptions. A temporary or long-continued deterioration of climate may accentuate the harmful consequences of human occupation of the land and vice versa. It has often been suggested that mans activities have resulted in climatic deterioration, but this is difficult to substantiate. In any case it is important to attempt to assess the relative contribution of climate and man in the process of desertification in order to decide on the ameliorative measures that can best be taken and to estimate the likelihood of their success. Deserts are not expanding everywhere in Africa. Irrigation has converted what had been desert into highly productive cropland; afforestation has at least locally reclaimed the waste. However it is widely thought that the Sahara, the Kalahari and other desert and semi-desert regions are expanding. Why should this assumption be made? It has not always been based, I would suggest, on sound evidence. Students of classical writings in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were led to conclude that North Africa had been much more highly productive in Roman times. Many of them were inclined to explain the deterioration in terms of desiccation, though as early as 1828 the Copenhagen botanist Schow showed that it was unlikely that the temperature and rainfall of the region were very different in classical times from his own. Colonial administrators in the early twentieth century, comparing conditions at the tropical desert margins with those described by late nineteenth century explorers and seeing the ruins of ancient imperial capitals in the Western Sudan, also convinced themselves that the rainfall was diminishing Foresters and agriculturalists dismayed by the destructive land use practices of cultivators and graziers, so different from those they knew in north-west Europe, warned the governments of the African colonies of the dangers that threatened. As a result the idea of desert expansion, of an advancing Sahara, became firmly rooted  in the minds of the public at large. At the present day we find popular works on environmental deterioration conveying the same messages. Thus the Ehrlichs write the vast Sahara desert itself is largely man-made, the result of overgrazing, faulty irrigation, deforestation, perhaps combined with a shift in the course of a jet stream. Today the Sahara is advancing southward on a broad front at a rate of several miles per year. The recent dry years and their consequences may seem to substantiate such crude assessments of the situation. The African deserts are not man-made dustbowls; they are to be ascribed primarily to the continents geographical position. Africa lies almost entirely within 30 ° of the equator and a large part of its total area is occupied by dry descending air and receives little rain. Furthermore, the temperatures at low altitudes are generally high throughout most of the year so that water losses from land and water surfaces are high, especially in the tropical regions of low rainfall and relative humidity. The Sahara and the Kalahari are to be explained primarily in these terms. The Namib desert is associated with the cold Benguela current offshore, and in East Africa locally dry and semi-desert areas lie in the lee of highlands which have already drained the moist air masses from the oceans. Nevertheless, there are very extensive marginal areas where land use practices determine whether they shall be productive or unproductive in the long term. A great deal has been learned about African deserts in the last few decades. Aerial and space photography and the work of scientists in a number of fields have greatly extended our ability to appreciate the nature of the desert lands and the processes at work on their margins. We have the long series of publications of UNESCOs Arid Zone Research Symposia; there have been WMO and FAO studies of semi-arid regions; the University of Arizona has published Deserts of the World, an appraisal of research into their physical and biological environments (1968) and Arid Lands in Perspective (1969). The publications of the Pan-African Congresses on Prehistory and the Quaternary, of ASEQUA (Association Senegalaise pour lEtude du Quaternaire de lOuest Africain), and of Dr van Zinderen Bakker in his series on the Palaeoecology of Africa have  brought together the results of the investigations of a host of geologists, geographers,  archaeologists, botanists and other specialists, all of whose w ork has a bearing on the subject we are considering. Soil scientists and hydrologists, foresters and agriculturalists, anthropologists and historians have all made their contributions to our pool of information and we should now be in a much better position to view the whole question of desertification in its true perspective than were our predecessors a generation ago. Let us try to do this, by examining first the question of changing climates, then the nature of human interference, and finally the ways of measuring desert encroachment and the possible means of taking action against it. It has not been found possible to distinguish clearly any simple long term trends or regular periodicities in the climate, though many attempts have been made to do so, and it is necessary to adopt an empirical historical approach to the subject. In tracing what is known of the history of Africas climate it is useful to gain perspective by looking at the changes over the last century against the background of the last several thousand years. As pointed out by R. O. Whyte, we should distinguish major changes in climate, in or out of pluvial lasting thousands of years, from minor changes lasting hundreds of years, and from variations or trends which are experienced for 10 to 50 years.1 Each time-scale has its own biological significance. The shorter period variations are superimposed on the longer period fluctuations, and we must recognize  that as we attempt to penetrate further into the past, so our ability to distinguish minor oscillations diminishes and only the major changes can be detected. The role of man:- Mans role in desert encroachment is a very ancient one. He has known how to make fire since late Acheulian times; for almost 10,000 years he has herded his animak at the desert margins and grown his crops in the more favoured areas. He has established large settlements and cut wood for fuel and buildings over a similar period. Burning of the vegetation is possibly not a very important agency in the process of desertification; grass and trees in vulnerable areas are generally too sparse to burn readily. An exception to this general rule might be woodland alongside watercourses which has probably been largely eliminated in many semi-arid regions of Africa, possibly by fire. Gallery forest is a prominent feature of the savanna lands, and the concentration of what vegetation there is in deserts like the Sahara alongside watercourses is very striking. In the intermediate zones, streamside vegetation is sometimes less evident than one might expect it to be. Burning might possibly be the ex planation. A careful study of ERTS imagery would throw much light on the timing and areal incidence of burning. Heavy grazing by wild animals cannot be entirely ruled out as a cause of desert encroachment in the past. Certainly the eighteenth and early nineteenth century accounts of the enormous herds of antelope at the margins of the Kalahari and in the arid parts of Kenya, for example, suggest that their effect on the vegetation must have been very great. Animal populations increase and decrease in waves and the peak populations may not coincide with the maximum availability of food. However, the balance between available food and the bio-mass is probably better kept by wild animal species with varied food preferences than by man and his livestock. It seems likely that browsing and grazing by wild animals may maintain grassland conditions and that with their replacement by domestic animals woodland made up of thorny species of shrubs and trees may replace the grass. This seems to have occurred notably in the Karoo of southern Africa in recent decades. Bush has moved east and north replacing sweet grass veld, while extensive areas in the west are said to have become virtual desert. The nomads and their herds of cattle, roaming the margins of the Sahara, resemble game animals on Serengeti in adjusting their movements to the availability of water and pasture. However their movements have been increasingly restricted by political frontiers, taxation arrangements, and the occupation of grazing land by agriculturalists. Particularly important in this respect are the dry seasons grazing lands that have been taken over for irrigation. At the margins of the Kalahari, the pastoralists of eastern Botswana live in large villages and take their herds out over the extensive gracing land to the west in the dry season. This seems to be a sensible response to the natural conditions. However, there is always a tendency for the herds to build up in good years and then the numbers are kept high in dry years so that the pastures are eaten out. In recent years the risks of desertification as a result of overgrazing has increased as a result of three factors: The increase in numbers of livestock in many areas, e.g., north-east Nigeria. It would be useful to have more information about this. Doubling of numbers in a decade seems to have occurred in some areas, although livestock numbers are notoriously inaccurate. The increasing proportion of cattle in small herds often belonging to sedentary cultivators and herded by small boys, who cannot wander far, resulting in local overgrazing while other areas with pasture -main ungrazed. The provision of water in certain areas, such as parts of the artesian basin near Lake Chad, resulting in cattle remaining near wells and eating out the grazing round about instead of moving off to the rivers and other areas with dry season water and grass. The risks of serious deterioration are greatest when a succession of good years is followed by a period of long-continued drought. Woodcutting is a serious matter in many areas. Pastoralists are partly to blame. In places like Tibesti they cut foliage to feed their camels and use branches to build enclosures for their goats. However it might be noted that a considerable part of the woody growth in some areas springs from posts that were used for the enclosures and have taken root. Another threat comes from the demand for fuel in towns. The people in the surrounding countryside find the sale of wood to the townpeople a useful supplement to their meager cash incomes. K. J. Mortimore and J. Wilson have estimated that nearly three-quarters of Kano citys firewood consumption of some 75,000 tons per year for its population of 300,000, is brought in by donkeys mainly from within a radius of about 20 km. Although there is a return cargo of manure (over 10 per cent of the total applied to the intensely cultivated fields around the city), this trade represents the felling of thousands of trees every year. As Kano and simi lar towns grow at rates of 5-10 per cent annually, one can expect the woodland around to become very sparse. Alongside roads, at a distance from the larger settlements, wide areas are also being cleared by people who add to their income by making charcoal which is then carried into town by passing lorries. When the woodland has disappeared from such areas only animal dung remains for fuel for local consumption, and all the sylvan produce, honey, fruits and beans, medicaments and so on, are lost. Woodland in agricultural areas, as in the Sudan zone and the Sahel, is particularly important. It provides foodstuff for animals and man; it brings up nutrients from below that are released to the base-poor sandy soils from the decaying leaves and from the substances washed off the leaves; it brakes the speed of the wind, reduces the rate of evaporation at the end of the rains and the risk of soil blowing away towards the end of the dry season, and it provides shade for man and beast. Not least, it has an aesthetic value in improving the appearance of the landscape. Particularly important is the Winterthorn, Acacia albida, which is in leaf during the dry season and yields beans from great woody pods before the rains come. Multiplication of this tree should be  encouraged throughout the Sudan and Sahel. Cultivation in marginal areas during periods of higher than normal rainfall is especially dangerous, and is perhaps the main cause of desertification against which it may be necessary to take preventive action. When dry years follow years of relative plenty, ploughed soil-or soil from which the sparse cover of natural plants has been eliminated by cultivation-is at the mercy of the winds. The fine clays and silts are carried away as dust, and the sand drifts into dunes.The effect is likely to be irreversible except at great cost. Measuring the rate of desert encroachment In 1882 land classified as either desert or wasteland amounted to 9-4 percent of the total land on Earth. In 1952 it had risen to 23-3 percent. I give this quotation not because it is true but because it is meaningless. No definitions are given and it is not dear whether the difference between the figures is the result of the spread of desert conditions or, much more likely, whether definitions of desert and availabi lity of knowledge were different on the two occasions. However, it does bring out the point that it is extremely difficult to measure and state in numerical terms the rate of desert encroachment-though less difficult now than it was in the past. In the past there has been a good deal of reliance on such indicators as the  movement of towns and tribes, and on the chance observations of travelers and the tales they were told. Writing in 1921, F. Migeod noted that the capital of Kanem was shifted to positions successively further south; Bovill brought together additional historical evidence of the encroachment of the Sahara on the Sudan. Both were writing soon after the dry period of the early twentieth century. In 1935 E. T. Stebbing produced a map of West Africa showing the present advance of sand and attempted to estimate its rate of progress. The basis for all such calculations was very flimsy, but figures of 200 km. in 200 years were commonly given. The rainfall gradient from south to north in West Africa is remarkably regular and mean values diminish northwards by about 100 mm. per 100 km. in the Sahelian zone, so that the kinds of changes in the precipitation that are likely to have taken place cannot alone explain suc h a shift. All the writers pointed to the depredations of nomads, firing of forest lands and so on. Similar alarm bells were rung in East and South Africa and in all these areas government commissions were appointed to investigate. They confirmed that rainfall was not progressively decreasing, but agreed that the vegetation cover was deteriorating and in some areas water-tables were falling and rivers drying up. There is an interesting exception to the usual story of Hearing of the vegetation  being followed by a fall in the water-table. It was found in northern Nigeria in the 1950s that in spite of the spread of cultivation and the destruction of woodland in western Bornu, in the preceding 25 years the water-table had risen phenomenally, levels rising in some wells by more than 100 feet and perennial springs breaking out to feed small lakes.84 It was postulated that the destruction of woodland, by reducing the loss by transpiration of water brought up from depth by the tree roots, had increased the volume left to percolate deeply into the pervious sedimentary rocks. Similar reports come from West Australia and East Africa, and it seems that we may not be able to use the height of the water table by itself as a sound indicator of desertification. On the whole we are concerned with the vegetation cover, its completeness or  otherwise, its composition and its productivity. In assessing the rate of change in any or all of these we are faced with the difficulties of very great variability over short distances according to soil, slope, availability of water and, above all, intensity and manner of land use. Quantitative assessments of the plant cover at a particular place and at a particular time can now be made by using suitable sampling and statistical procedures, and extrapolating from the sample areas by using aerial photographs and other methods of remote sensing. It may be possible to monitor changes in the situation from season to season by satellite observations. Changes over a long period of time can now be assessed by comparing air photographs taken at intervals of 25 years in many of the  desert marginal areas. The Trimetrigon photography taken by the US Air Force of much of Africa during the Second World War could b e particularly useful in this respect (consisting of strips of vertical photos with obliques on either side). In some areas, such as Morocco and parts of southern Africa, photographic cover is available spanning an even longer interval of time. Opportunities for comparative studies of this kind do not seem to have been widely exploited and might be encouraged. One of the more interesting attempts to use air photographs to trace the shifting of the edge of the desert  is that of M. Clos-Arceduc who, from a study of the nature of the vegetation patterns in the Sahelian zone known as brousse tigree has come to the conclusion that they indicate a shift south of the vegetation zones through 150 km. in the Niamey region over 2 centuries or less. Combating Desert Encroachment Except for arid areas that yield oil, and the limited irrigated areas near the Nile, Niger, Senegal and Lake Chad, the lands at the margins of African deserts are poor and not likely to be highly productive. There is little to be said in favour of great schemes for climatic amelioration involving, for example, the diversion of great rivers such as the Zambesi and the creation (or reconstitution) of great lakes like those that existed in the humid periods of the Pleistocene. Such lakes would be extremely expensive to make, they would flood land which is now productive, and it is unlikely that they would lead to an increase of rainfall that would yield returns in any way commensurate with the costs involved. It is conceivable that the destruction of rain forest in the Congo basin, for  example, may have reduced the rainfall of areas further from the equator; by how much it is impossible to say. There is no question of afforestation in such a region on a scale sufficient to restore th e situation. In special circumstances cloud-seeding may be found to be rewarding, and it is possible that in the future ways will be found of modifying the general circulation advantageously. I would not regard any of these as being of much concern to us at present. At present, populations in the semi-arid lands of the continent are increasing at rates of about 3 per cent annually, as they are elsewhere in Africa. In the near future, however, it is possible that the rural population, especially the pastoral population, may decline. This has already happened in parts of the Sahara and Libya affected by oil production. There are three trends that are more generally effective. Firstly, young people going to school are becoming literate and have greater expectations than their parents had; secondly, people are consuming more and have the desire to consume more than they did; thirdly, people are congregating more near roads and in large towns. It is just as important to keep track of these changes in the human geography of the desert margins as it is to monitor changes in the vegetation cover and to calculate trends in precipitation. If effective measures are to be taken against desertification, the people involved must be persuaded of the advantages to themselves. Wherever possible measures should be of a positive rather than of a restrictive character. Thus, if it is inevitable that people are going to concentrate in large settlements in sensitive areas, then as well as attempting to regulate the felling of trees for fuel and timber, authorities may be able to cheapen alternative supplies of fuel and construction materials, provide young fruit trees at low cost, and so on. Perhaps the main problems are presented by pastoralists, whose traditional  systems do not fit neatly into the framework of a modern state. Nomadic flexibility is an advantage to people living in fluctuating, marginal environmental conditions, and nomadic mobility allows good use to be made of variable grazing. Settlement of pastoralists is expedient politically and has some economic advantages, but the greater rigidity seems to involve considerable risks of disaster when the drought years come again, as they will. In UNESCOs Use and Conservation of the Biosphere, it is noted that nomadism as a careful pastoral continuum is the least traumatic of human influences and as a form of husbandry utilizes areas which could not be utilized by man in any other way. I think we have yet to find a better alternative.